What is the Bauhaus design style?

The design philosophy of the German Bauhaus school, emphasizing functionalism, geometric forms, and primary color usage -- a modernist classic where form follows function. Its core principle: Bauhaus is a design school founded in Germany in 1919, whose core principle "form follows function" profoundly influenced modern design.

What colors does Bauhaus use?

Bauhaus uses #000000 as its primary color and #ffffff as its secondary color, with accent colors #ff0000, #ffcc00, #0000ff, #6c3b00. Every hex value can be copied from the palette on this page.

How do I apply Bauhaus correctly?

Key practices: Use primary colors (red, yellow, blue) + black and white. Apply basic geometric shapes (circle, square, triangle). Maintain clean functional design.

How do I prompt AI to generate Bauhaus UI?

Copy the ready-made AI prompt on this page — it bundles the design tokens and component rules — and paste it into ChatGPT, Claude, Cursor, or v0. Effective prompts include the keywords: Bauhaus, Bauhaus design, geometric shapes, primary colors.

Style Catalog/Bauhaus

Bauhaus

包豪斯风格

68/100Fair

The design philosophy of the German Bauhaus school, emphasizing functionalism, geometric forms, and primary color usage -- a modernist classic where form follows function.

BauhausBauhaus designgeometric shapesprimary colorsfunctionalismform follows functionmodernist designred yellow bluegeometric posterminimal geometricGerman design

View Full Showcase →Templates

Best For

Bauhaus / Bauhaus design / geometric shapes

Primary Move

Use primary colors (red, yellow, blue) + black and white

Watch Out

Do NOT use complex gradients

Showcase Entry

Live preview of the showcase page. Click to explore the full experience.

View Full Showcase →

Color Palette

Primary

#000000

Secondary

#ffffff

Accent 1

#ff0000

Accent 2

#ffcc00

Accent 3

#0000ff

Accent 4

#6c3b00

AI Implementation

Copy the Hard Prompt first, then use the spec when needed

Use the Hard Prompt by default to generate UI. Use the Design Spec to understand, modify, and review the style. Use the Creative Brief for early exploration.

Hard Prompt

Use this by default: copy it, append the concrete requirement, and let AI generate consistent production UI.

When to use

When AI should generate UI directly
When repeated outputs must stay consistent
When style drift is the main risk

How to use

Copy the full prompt
Append the concrete requirement
Review against forbidden rules and UI states

STYLEKIT_STYLE_REFERENCE
style_name: Bauhaus
style_slug: bauhaus
style_source: /styles/bauhaus

# Hard Prompt

## When To Use
Use this when you want AI to generate code with strict style consistency. It is the safest default for production UI.

## How To Use
- Copy the full prompt into ChatGPT, Claude, Cursor, or another coding assistant.
- Append the concrete product/page requirement after the prompt.
- After generation, check the forbidden rules and interaction states before accepting the output.

Strictly follow the style rules below and maintain consistency. No style drift allowed.

## Requirements

- Prioritize style consistency first, then creative extension.
- When conflicts arise, treat prohibitions as the highest priority.
- Self-check before output: verify colors, typography, spacing, and interactions still match this style.

## Style Rules

You are a Bauhaus design style frontend development expert. All generated code must strictly follow these constraints:

## Absolute Prohibitions

- Using complex gradient effects
- Using decorative elements
- Using serif fonts
- Using complex non-primary color schemes
- Using soft slow ease-in-out or duration-500+
- Using border radii (rounded-lg, rounded-xl), only rounded-full for pure circles

## Must Follow

- Primary color scheme bg-red-600, bg-yellow-400, bg-blue-600
- Black and white base bg-black, bg-white, text-black
- Thick borders border-4 border-black
- Sans-serif fonts font-bold, font-black
- Uppercase letters uppercase
- Geometric shape decorations

## Animation & Interaction Rules

- Structural Shifts: Animations reveal "structure", using sharp displacement or large solid color overlays.
- Mechanical Precision: Transition times are short and powerful duration-150 or duration-200, using ease-out.
- Primary Color Swaps: Interactions flip between red(#ff0000), yellow(#ffcc00), blue(#0000ff), black, and white in high-contrast color inversions.
- Geometric Reveals: Use pseudo-elements (e.g., absolute inset-0 bg-yellow-400) that slide in like a rail from -translate-x-full to translate-x-0 on hover, covering the original color block.
- Geometric Animation: Geometric decorative elements scale-125 or rotate-45 on hover, expressing mechanical operation feel.

## Color Palette

Only use:
- Red: #ff0000, bg-red-600
- Yellow: #ffcc00, bg-yellow-400
- Blue: #0000ff, bg-blue-600
- Black: #000000, bg-black
- White: #ffffff, bg-white

## Geometric Elements

- Circle rounded-full
- Square (no border radii)
- Triangle (using border)

## Absolute Bans (Match and Refuse)

If any of the following patterns appear, it is a style violation — rewrite without exception.

- use complex gradients
- use decorative elements
- use serif fonts
- use complex non-primary color schemes
- use soft slow duration-500+ transitions
- use ease-in-out (use ease-out)
- use border radii (rounded-lg etc.), only rounded-full for circles

## Self-Check (Verify Before Shipping)

If any item fails, the style has drifted — fix before shipping.

- [ ] No purple-to-blue gradients
- [ ] No overused fonts (Inter, Roboto, Geist, Fraunces, Plus Jakarta Sans)
- [ ] No nested cards (cards inside cards)
- [ ] No gray text on colored backgrounds
- [ ] Body text contrast meets WCAG AA (>= 4.5:1)
- [ ] No bounce or elastic easing curves
- [ ] Animations have a prefers-reduced-motion fallback
- [ ] Body text line length capped at 65-75 characters
- [ ] No side-stripe accent borders (border-left/right > 1px)
- [ ] No gradient text (background-clip: text)
- [ ] No glassmorphism used as the default surface treatment
- [ ] No tiny uppercase tracked eyebrow labels above every section heading
- [ ] do NOT use complex gradients
- [ ] do NOT use decorative elements
- [ ] do NOT use serif fonts
- [ ] do NOT use complex non-primary color schemes
- [ ] do NOT use soft slow duration-500+ transitions

Component Templates

Component Preview

按钮

包豪斯按钮，色块滑轨机制覆盖

Pointer Interactions

How Bauhaus moves

Pointer interactions tailored to this style — same cursor, completely different character. Move around the stage to feel it.

TiltTilt block

Static

Magnetic primary button3D tilt blockExplore all rooms in Cursor Lab

Frontend Readiness

Dark Mode, States, Motion, and Accessibility

This layer tracks whether the style is ready for real websites: theme modes, state feedback, keyboard access, and performance constraints.

Overall

51%

Fallback

Dark Mode

Missing

UI States

79%

Partial

Motion

70%

Partial

A11y

70%

Partial

Performance

35%

Fallback

Key State Coverage

light

HoverFocus VisibleDisabledLoadingEmptyErrorSuccess

Button

Default / Hover / Focus Visible / Active / Disabled

Input

Default / Hover / Focus Visible / Disabled / Error

Card

Default / Hover / Focus Visible / Loading / Skeleton

Form

Default / Focus Visible / Disabled / Loading / Error

Implementation Notes

No curated dark-mode contract exists yet.
Check contrast in both light and dark modes.
Check heavy shadows, blur, large media, and scroll-linked effects manually.
No style-specific performance cost profile has been curated yet.

FAQ

Bauhaus — Frequently Asked Questions

What is the Bauhaus design style?: The design philosophy of the German Bauhaus school, emphasizing functionalism, geometric forms, and primary color usage -- a modernist classic where form follows function. Its core principle: Bauhaus is a design school founded in Germany in 1919, whose core principle "form follows function" profoundly influenced modern design.
What colors does Bauhaus use?: Bauhaus uses #000000 as its primary color and #ffffff as its secondary color, with accent colors #ff0000, #ffcc00, #0000ff, #6c3b00. Every hex value can be copied from the palette on this page.
How do I apply Bauhaus correctly?: Key practices: Use primary colors (red, yellow, blue) + black and white. Apply basic geometric shapes (circle, square, triangle). Maintain clean functional design.
What are common mistakes with Bauhaus?: Avoid: Do NOT use complex gradients. Do NOT use decorative elements. Do NOT use serif fonts.
How do I prompt AI to generate Bauhaus UI?: Copy the ready-made AI prompt on this page — it bundles the design tokens and component rules — and paste it into ChatGPT, Claude, Cursor, or v0. Effective prompts include the keywords: Bauhaus, Bauhaus design, geometric shapes, primary colors.

Global Styles

Global CSS

css

/* Bauhaus 全局样式 */

:root {
  --bauhaus-red: #ff0000;
  --bauhaus-yellow: #ffcc00;
  --bauhaus-blue: #0000ff;
  --bauhaus-black: #000000;
  --bauhaus-white: #ffffff;
}

/* 原色类 */
.bauhaus-red { background-color: var(--bauhaus-red); }
.bauhaus-yellow { background-color: var(--bauhaus-yellow); }
.bauhaus-blue { background-color: var(--bauhaus-blue); }

/* 几何形状 */
.bauhaus-circle {
  border-radius: 50%;
}

.bauhaus-triangle {
  width: 0;
  height: 0;
  border-left: 50px solid transparent;
  border-right: 50px solid transparent;
  border-bottom: 86px solid var(--bauhaus-red);
}

/* 色块滑轨覆盖 */
.bauhaus-slide-reveal {
  position: relative;
  overflow: hidden;
}

.bauhaus-slide-reveal::after {
  content: "";
  position: absolute;
  inset: 0;
  background: var(--bauhaus-yellow);
  transform: translateX(-100%);
  transition: transform 0.2s ease-out;
}

.bauhaus-slide-reveal:hover::after {
  transform: translateX(0);
}

/* 网格系统 */
.bauhaus-grid {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: repeat(12, 1fr);
  gap: 24px;
}
@keyframes bauhaus-fade-in {
  from { opacity: 0; transform: translateY(8px); }
  to { opacity: 1; transform: translateY(0); }
}

@keyframes bauhaus-pulse {
  0%, 100% { opacity: 1; }
  50% { opacity: 0.7; }
}

.bauhaus-gradient {
  background: linear-gradient(135deg, #000000, #ff0000);
}

.bauhaus-gradient-text {
  background: linear-gradient(135deg, #000000, #ff0000);
  -webkit-background-clip: text;
  -webkit-text-fill-color: transparent;
  background-clip: text;
}

.bauhaus-frosted {
  backdrop-filter: blur(12px) saturate(180%);
  -webkit-backdrop-filter: blur(12px) saturate(180%);
  background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.08);
}

.bauhaus-accent-corner {
  clip-path: polygon(0 0, 100% 0, 100% calc(100% - 2rem), calc(100% - 2rem) 100%, 0 100%);
}

.bauhaus-animate-in {
  animation: bauhaus-fade-in 0.5s ease-out both;
}

IDE Integration

IDE Configuration Export

Download configuration files for AI coding assistants to generate code in this style.

Style Pack

Export Style Pack

Get complete machine-readable style assets including design tokens, Tailwind presets, CSS variables, and shadcn/ui themes.

Metadata

Style metadata including version information

Design Tokens

Compatible with Figma / Style Dictionary / Tokens Studio

Tailwind Preset

Tailwind CSS theme preset, import directly in config

Global CSS

CSS variables and base styles

shadcn Theme

shadcn/ui theme configuration

CSS Variables

Pure CSS variables, works with any project

SKILL.md

Loadable skill pack for Cursor / Claude Code / VS Code

Design Philosophy

Bauhaus is a design school founded in Germany in 1919, whose core principle "form follows function" profoundly influenced modern design.

Accessibility

Accessibility Score

WCAG 2.1 compliance analysis based on color contrast and typography readability.

Overall Score

Grade: C - Fair

Contrast Ratios

Score: 58/100Average Ratio: 7.69:1

AA FailAAA Fail

Context	Colors	Ratio
Text on background	/#000000 / #ffffff	21:1
Secondary text on background	/#ffffff / #ffffff	1:1
Muted text on background	/#4b5563 / #ffffff	7.56:1
Text on secondary background	/#000000 / #000000	1:1
Secondary text on secondary	/#ffffff / #000000	21:1
Button primary	/#ffffff / #dd0000	5.15:1
Text on accent 1	/#000000 / #dd0000	4.07:1
Alt text on accent 1	/#ffffff / #dd0000	5.15:1
Text on accent 2	/#000000 / #ffd700	14.97:1
Alt text on accent 2	/#ffffff / #ffd700	1.4:1
Text on accent 3	/#000000 / #0057b8	3.06:1
Alt text on accent 3	/#ffffff / #0057b8	6.87:1

Readability

Score

90/100

Font Size

text-sm md:text-base

Font Weight

font-sans font-bold uppercase tracking-widest

Line Height

default

Scoring is based on WCAG 2.1 standards. AA requires 4.5:1 contrast for normal text, 3:1 for large text; AAA requires 7:1 for normal text, 4.5:1 for large text.

Style Catalog/Bauhaus

Bauhaus

包豪斯风格

68/100Fair

The design philosophy of the German Bauhaus school, emphasizing functionalism, geometric forms, and primary color usage -- a modernist classic where form follows function.

BauhausBauhaus designgeometric shapesprimary colorsfunctionalismform follows functionmodernist designred yellow bluegeometric posterminimal geometricGerman design

View Full Showcase →Templates

Best For

Bauhaus / Bauhaus design / geometric shapes

Primary Move

Use primary colors (red, yellow, blue) + black and white

Watch Out

Do NOT use complex gradients

Showcase Entry

Live preview of the showcase page. Click to explore the full experience.

View Full Showcase →

Color Palette

Primary

#000000

Secondary

#ffffff

Accent 1

#ff0000

Accent 2

#ffcc00

Accent 3

#0000ff

Accent 4

#6c3b00

AI Implementation

Copy the Hard Prompt first, then use the spec when needed

Use the Hard Prompt by default to generate UI. Use the Design Spec to understand, modify, and review the style. Use the Creative Brief for early exploration.

Hard Prompt

Use this by default: copy it, append the concrete requirement, and let AI generate consistent production UI.

When to use

When AI should generate UI directly
When repeated outputs must stay consistent
When style drift is the main risk

How to use

Copy the full prompt
Append the concrete requirement
Review against forbidden rules and UI states

STYLEKIT_STYLE_REFERENCE
style_name: Bauhaus
style_slug: bauhaus
style_source: /styles/bauhaus

# Hard Prompt

## When To Use
Use this when you want AI to generate code with strict style consistency. It is the safest default for production UI.

## How To Use
- Copy the full prompt into ChatGPT, Claude, Cursor, or another coding assistant.
- Append the concrete product/page requirement after the prompt.
- After generation, check the forbidden rules and interaction states before accepting the output.

Strictly follow the style rules below and maintain consistency. No style drift allowed.

## Requirements

- Prioritize style consistency first, then creative extension.
- When conflicts arise, treat prohibitions as the highest priority.
- Self-check before output: verify colors, typography, spacing, and interactions still match this style.

## Style Rules

You are a Bauhaus design style frontend development expert. All generated code must strictly follow these constraints:

## Absolute Prohibitions

- Using complex gradient effects
- Using decorative elements
- Using serif fonts
- Using complex non-primary color schemes
- Using soft slow ease-in-out or duration-500+
- Using border radii (rounded-lg, rounded-xl), only rounded-full for pure circles

## Must Follow

- Primary color scheme bg-red-600, bg-yellow-400, bg-blue-600
- Black and white base bg-black, bg-white, text-black
- Thick borders border-4 border-black
- Sans-serif fonts font-bold, font-black
- Uppercase letters uppercase
- Geometric shape decorations

## Animation & Interaction Rules

- Structural Shifts: Animations reveal "structure", using sharp displacement or large solid color overlays.
- Mechanical Precision: Transition times are short and powerful duration-150 or duration-200, using ease-out.
- Primary Color Swaps: Interactions flip between red(#ff0000), yellow(#ffcc00), blue(#0000ff), black, and white in high-contrast color inversions.
- Geometric Reveals: Use pseudo-elements (e.g., absolute inset-0 bg-yellow-400) that slide in like a rail from -translate-x-full to translate-x-0 on hover, covering the original color block.
- Geometric Animation: Geometric decorative elements scale-125 or rotate-45 on hover, expressing mechanical operation feel.

## Color Palette

Only use:
- Red: #ff0000, bg-red-600
- Yellow: #ffcc00, bg-yellow-400
- Blue: #0000ff, bg-blue-600
- Black: #000000, bg-black
- White: #ffffff, bg-white

## Geometric Elements

- Circle rounded-full
- Square (no border radii)
- Triangle (using border)

## Absolute Bans (Match and Refuse)

If any of the following patterns appear, it is a style violation — rewrite without exception.

- use complex gradients
- use decorative elements
- use serif fonts
- use complex non-primary color schemes
- use soft slow duration-500+ transitions
- use ease-in-out (use ease-out)
- use border radii (rounded-lg etc.), only rounded-full for circles

## Self-Check (Verify Before Shipping)

If any item fails, the style has drifted — fix before shipping.

- [ ] No purple-to-blue gradients
- [ ] No overused fonts (Inter, Roboto, Geist, Fraunces, Plus Jakarta Sans)
- [ ] No nested cards (cards inside cards)
- [ ] No gray text on colored backgrounds
- [ ] Body text contrast meets WCAG AA (>= 4.5:1)
- [ ] No bounce or elastic easing curves
- [ ] Animations have a prefers-reduced-motion fallback
- [ ] Body text line length capped at 65-75 characters
- [ ] No side-stripe accent borders (border-left/right > 1px)
- [ ] No gradient text (background-clip: text)
- [ ] No glassmorphism used as the default surface treatment
- [ ] No tiny uppercase tracked eyebrow labels above every section heading
- [ ] do NOT use complex gradients
- [ ] do NOT use decorative elements
- [ ] do NOT use serif fonts
- [ ] do NOT use complex non-primary color schemes
- [ ] do NOT use soft slow duration-500+ transitions

Component Templates

Component Preview

按钮

包豪斯按钮，色块滑轨机制覆盖

Pointer Interactions

How Bauhaus moves

Pointer interactions tailored to this style — same cursor, completely different character. Move around the stage to feel it.

TiltTilt block

Static

Magnetic primary button3D tilt blockExplore all rooms in Cursor Lab

Frontend Readiness

Dark Mode, States, Motion, and Accessibility

This layer tracks whether the style is ready for real websites: theme modes, state feedback, keyboard access, and performance constraints.

Overall

51%

Fallback

Dark Mode

Missing

UI States

79%

Partial

Motion

70%

Partial

A11y

70%

Partial

Performance

35%

Fallback

Key State Coverage

light

HoverFocus VisibleDisabledLoadingEmptyErrorSuccess

Button

Default / Hover / Focus Visible / Active / Disabled

Input

Default / Hover / Focus Visible / Disabled / Error

Card

Default / Hover / Focus Visible / Loading / Skeleton

Form

Default / Focus Visible / Disabled / Loading / Error

Implementation Notes

No curated dark-mode contract exists yet.
Check contrast in both light and dark modes.
Check heavy shadows, blur, large media, and scroll-linked effects manually.
No style-specific performance cost profile has been curated yet.

FAQ

Bauhaus — Frequently Asked Questions

What is the Bauhaus design style?: The design philosophy of the German Bauhaus school, emphasizing functionalism, geometric forms, and primary color usage -- a modernist classic where form follows function. Its core principle: Bauhaus is a design school founded in Germany in 1919, whose core principle "form follows function" profoundly influenced modern design.
What colors does Bauhaus use?: Bauhaus uses #000000 as its primary color and #ffffff as its secondary color, with accent colors #ff0000, #ffcc00, #0000ff, #6c3b00. Every hex value can be copied from the palette on this page.
How do I apply Bauhaus correctly?: Key practices: Use primary colors (red, yellow, blue) + black and white. Apply basic geometric shapes (circle, square, triangle). Maintain clean functional design.
What are common mistakes with Bauhaus?: Avoid: Do NOT use complex gradients. Do NOT use decorative elements. Do NOT use serif fonts.
How do I prompt AI to generate Bauhaus UI?: Copy the ready-made AI prompt on this page — it bundles the design tokens and component rules — and paste it into ChatGPT, Claude, Cursor, or v0. Effective prompts include the keywords: Bauhaus, Bauhaus design, geometric shapes, primary colors.

Global Styles

Global CSS

css

/* Bauhaus 全局样式 */

:root {
  --bauhaus-red: #ff0000;
  --bauhaus-yellow: #ffcc00;
  --bauhaus-blue: #0000ff;
  --bauhaus-black: #000000;
  --bauhaus-white: #ffffff;
}

/* 原色类 */
.bauhaus-red { background-color: var(--bauhaus-red); }
.bauhaus-yellow { background-color: var(--bauhaus-yellow); }
.bauhaus-blue { background-color: var(--bauhaus-blue); }

/* 几何形状 */
.bauhaus-circle {
  border-radius: 50%;
}

.bauhaus-triangle {
  width: 0;
  height: 0;
  border-left: 50px solid transparent;
  border-right: 50px solid transparent;
  border-bottom: 86px solid var(--bauhaus-red);
}

/* 色块滑轨覆盖 */
.bauhaus-slide-reveal {
  position: relative;
  overflow: hidden;
}

.bauhaus-slide-reveal::after {
  content: "";
  position: absolute;
  inset: 0;
  background: var(--bauhaus-yellow);
  transform: translateX(-100%);
  transition: transform 0.2s ease-out;
}

.bauhaus-slide-reveal:hover::after {
  transform: translateX(0);
}

/* 网格系统 */
.bauhaus-grid {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: repeat(12, 1fr);
  gap: 24px;
}
@keyframes bauhaus-fade-in {
  from { opacity: 0; transform: translateY(8px); }
  to { opacity: 1; transform: translateY(0); }
}

@keyframes bauhaus-pulse {
  0%, 100% { opacity: 1; }
  50% { opacity: 0.7; }
}

.bauhaus-gradient {
  background: linear-gradient(135deg, #000000, #ff0000);
}

.bauhaus-gradient-text {
  background: linear-gradient(135deg, #000000, #ff0000);
  -webkit-background-clip: text;
  -webkit-text-fill-color: transparent;
  background-clip: text;
}

.bauhaus-frosted {
  backdrop-filter: blur(12px) saturate(180%);
  -webkit-backdrop-filter: blur(12px) saturate(180%);
  background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.08);
}

.bauhaus-accent-corner {
  clip-path: polygon(0 0, 100% 0, 100% calc(100% - 2rem), calc(100% - 2rem) 100%, 0 100%);
}

.bauhaus-animate-in {
  animation: bauhaus-fade-in 0.5s ease-out both;
}

IDE Integration

IDE Configuration Export

Download configuration files for AI coding assistants to generate code in this style.

Style Pack

Export Style Pack

Get complete machine-readable style assets including design tokens, Tailwind presets, CSS variables, and shadcn/ui themes.

Metadata

Style metadata including version information

Design Tokens

Compatible with Figma / Style Dictionary / Tokens Studio

Tailwind Preset

Tailwind CSS theme preset, import directly in config

Global CSS

CSS variables and base styles

shadcn Theme

shadcn/ui theme configuration

CSS Variables

Pure CSS variables, works with any project

SKILL.md

Loadable skill pack for Cursor / Claude Code / VS Code

Design Philosophy

Bauhaus is a design school founded in Germany in 1919, whose core principle "form follows function" profoundly influenced modern design.

Accessibility

Accessibility Score

WCAG 2.1 compliance analysis based on color contrast and typography readability.

Overall Score

Grade: C - Fair

Contrast Ratios

Score: 58/100Average Ratio: 7.69:1

AA FailAAA Fail

Context	Colors	Ratio
Text on background	/#000000 / #ffffff	21:1
Secondary text on background	/#ffffff / #ffffff	1:1
Muted text on background	/#4b5563 / #ffffff	7.56:1
Text on secondary background	/#000000 / #000000	1:1
Secondary text on secondary	/#ffffff / #000000	21:1
Button primary	/#ffffff / #dd0000	5.15:1
Text on accent 1	/#000000 / #dd0000	4.07:1
Alt text on accent 1	/#ffffff / #dd0000	5.15:1
Text on accent 2	/#000000 / #ffd700	14.97:1
Alt text on accent 2	/#ffffff / #ffd700	1.4:1
Text on accent 3	/#000000 / #0057b8	3.06:1
Alt text on accent 3	/#ffffff / #0057b8	6.87:1

Readability

Score

90/100

Font Size

text-sm md:text-base

Font Weight

font-sans font-bold uppercase tracking-widest

Line Height

default

Scoring is based on WCAG 2.1 standards. AA requires 4.5:1 contrast for normal text, 3:1 for large text; AAA requires 7:1 for normal text, 4.5:1 for large text.